{"id":583,"date":"2016-03-09T10:17:39","date_gmt":"2016-03-09T09:17:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/2016\/03\/09\/kontaminanty-latky-znecistujici-nase-potraviny\/"},"modified":"2025-03-14T14:21:09","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T13:21:09","slug":"kontaminanty-latky-znecistujici-nase-potraviny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/kontaminanty-latky-znecistujici-nase-potraviny\/","title":{"rendered":"Kontaminanty \u2013 l\u00e1tky zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed na\u0161e potraviny"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #1b57b1\">O kontaminuj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se do potravin dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed ne\u00famysln\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, balen\u00ed, p\u0159eprav\u011b a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo tak\u00e9 p\u0159i pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch katastrof\u00e1ch a jejich vlivu na zdrav\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens-files\/stories\/hrozby\/toxicke%20latky.jpg\" alt=\"toxicke latky\" width=\"140\" height=\"105\" style=\"float: left\" \/>V potravin\u00e1ch se krom\u011b l\u00e1tek pro zdrav\u00ed prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch mohou objevovat tak\u00e9 l\u00e1tky toxick\u00e9, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edtomnost m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit zdrav\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z&nbsp;nich se do potravin dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed ne\u00famysln\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, balen\u00ed, p\u0159eprav\u011b a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed. Naz\u00fdv\u00e1me je l\u00e1tky <strong>zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed (kontaminanty)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 toxick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky se vyskytuj\u00ed v potravin\u00e1ch p\u0159irozen\u011b jako jejich b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 slo\u017eka a ty naz\u00fdv\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed toxick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, v\u00edce se o nich dozv\u00edte <a href=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/141\/\">zde<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Do potravin se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dasto ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produkce jako zbytky pesticid\u016f, zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bniny hnojiv (kadmium), ze z\u00e1livkov\u00e9 vody nap\u0159. pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie, z veterin\u00e1rn\u00edho o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed zbytky l\u00e9\u010div apod. P\u0159i skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt potraviny napadeny pl\u00edsn\u011bmi (mykotoxiny), mohou obsahovat zbytky poskliz\u0148ov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f, b\u011bhem kulin\u00e1rn\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se v nich mohou vytvo\u0159it N-nitrosaminy \u010di polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky.<\/p>\n<p>O&nbsp;<strong>pl\u00eds\u0148ov\u00fdch toxinech <\/strong>se do\u010dtete <a href=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/70\/\">zde<\/a>, o <strong>bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edch jedech <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/blog\/category\/potravni-nakazy-a-otravy\/potravni-otravy\/po-mikrobialni\/\">zde<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Z <strong>toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f <\/strong>jsou nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <strong>olovo<\/strong> (p\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9 konzumaci zp\u016fsobuje nervov\u00e9 poruchy a po\u0161kozuje krvetvorbu), <strong>kadmium<\/strong> (po\u0161kozuje j\u00e1tra a ledviny, m\u00e1 <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips171'>teratogenn\u00ed<\/span> a rakovinotvorn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky) a <strong>rtu\u0165<\/strong> (organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny rtuti po\u0161kozuj\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m).&nbsp;Z dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 mohou m\u00edt ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv na zdrav\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme jmenovat nap\u0159\u00edklad <strong>dusitany<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>V&nbsp;\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed se pom\u011brn\u011b hojn\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed <strong>polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAU)<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed spalov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u0161ech druh\u016f uhl\u00edkat\u00fdch paliv a tak\u00e9 nap\u0159. p\u0159i uzen\u00ed masa a ryb, grilov\u00e1n\u00ed, pra\u017een\u00ed, sma\u017een\u00ed a pe\u010den\u00ed, zna\u010dn\u011b rizikov\u00e9 je zejm\u00e9na op\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m plameni. Mnoh\u00e9 z PAU jsou \u0159azeny mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 siln\u011b rakovinotvorn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>Polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly (PCB) <\/strong>se pou\u017e\u00edvaly pro sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e9 vlastnosti v mnoha odv\u011btv\u00edch lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti (barvy, laky, plasty, pesticidy aj.) Po tom, kdy se zjistilo, \u017ee maj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na zdrav\u00ed, se od jejich v\u00fdroby postupn\u011b upou\u0161t\u011blo, v \u010ceskoslovensku a\u017e v polovin\u011b 80. let. Proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 jsou velmi st\u00e1l\u00e9 a v minulosti se pou\u017e\u00edvaly hojn\u011b, st\u00e1le se s nimi v prost\u0159ed\u00ed setk\u00e1v\u00e1me. Hromad\u00ed se v tuku zv\u00ed\u0159at a mo\u017en\u00fdmi potravn\u00edmi zdroji jsou zejm\u00e9na ryby, zv\u011b\u0159ina, v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e masn\u00e9 a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. Dosud se sice nepoda\u0159ilo potvrdit jejich rakovinotvorn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, ale sni\u017euj\u00ed obranyschopnost, zvy\u0161uj\u00ed hladinu <a href=\"index.php?option=com_glossary&amp;id=37&amp;letter=C\"><span style=\"color: windowtext;text-decoration: none\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips188'>cholesterolu<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>, naru\u0161uj\u00ed hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hu,&nbsp;p\u016fsob\u00ed poruchy menstrua\u010dn\u00edho cyklu u \u017een, vysok\u00e9 d\u00e1vky tak\u00e9 naru\u0161uj\u00ed v\u00fdvoj plodu (<span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips171'>teratogenn\u00ed<\/span> \u00fa\u010dinky).<\/p>\n<p>Ji\u017e od starov\u011bku lid\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v&nbsp;zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed <strong>pesticidy, <\/strong>l\u00e1tky chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed potraviny p\u0159ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u0161k\u016fdci. V rostlinn\u00fdch potravin\u00e1ch se mohou vyskytovat tzv. modern\u00ed pesticidy, v potravin\u00e1ch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu sp\u00ed\u0161e organochlorov\u00e9 pesticidy, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nejv\u00edce v&nbsp;tuku zv\u00ed\u0159at. U \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho z dnes pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pesticid\u016f nebyl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n rakovinotvorn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek, nicm\u00e9n\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 star\u0161\u00ed pesticidy jako je DDT jsou hodnoceny jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips187'>karcinogeny<\/span>. U velk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny nen\u00ed mechanismus \u00fa\u010dinku zn\u00e1m, nicm\u00e9n\u011b jejich rizikovost je diskutov\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na v souvislosti s&nbsp;dlouhodobou konzumac\u00ed jejich zbytk\u016f (rezidu\u00ed) v potravin\u00e1ch.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>Ftal\u00e1ty <\/strong>se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edsada do plastick\u00fdch hmot (maj\u00ed funkci zm\u011bk\u010dovadel). Mohou vyvolat podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu, nevolnost, nespavost aj. P\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9 expozici v\u0161ak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k po\u0161kozen\u00ed jater, ledvin \u010di jin\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, jsou <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips171'>teratogenn\u00ed<\/span> a rakovinotvorn\u00e9, maj\u00ed vliv na rozmno\u017eovac\u00ed soustavu. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice jsou zavedeny maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed limity rezidu\u00ed (zbytk\u016f) ftal\u00e1t\u016f v potravin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Toxick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1me do na\u0161eho organismu, nepoch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b z potravn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Uplat\u0148uj\u00ed se zde tak\u00e9 vlivy \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed &#8211; ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 d\u00fdch\u00e1me, voda, kterou pijeme, z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed (radon) aj. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b potraviny p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jejich hlavn\u00ed zdroj &#8211; 80-90 %. Abychom omezili p\u0159\u00edjem toxick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek z potravin na minimum, je t\u0159eba db\u00e1t na pestrou a vyv\u00e1\u017eenou stravu, konzumovat pouze \u010derstv\u00e9, nez\u00e1vadn\u00e9, kvalitn\u00ed potraviny, kter\u00e9 jsou spr\u00e1vn\u011b skladovan\u00e9, vhodn\u011b kulin\u00e1rn\u011b upraven\u00e9, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 dodr\u017eovat p\u0159i manipulaci s&nbsp;potravinami a jejich kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed hygienick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 myt\u00ed rukou, potravin apod.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/><span><em>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura:<br \/><\/em><\/span><\/strong><span><em>Komprda T. Hygiena potravin. MZLU, Brno 1997.<\/em><i> <br \/><em>Vel\u00ed\u0161ek J. Chemie potravin 3. Ossis, T\u00e1bor 1999.<\/em><\/i> <br \/><em>Manu\u00e1l prevence v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi, SZ\u00da, 3.LF UK 2004.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span><em><span>&nbsp;<br \/><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips171','Po\u0161kozuje plod b\u011bhem jeho v\u00fdvoje. V\u00fdsledkem mohou b\u00fdt vrozen\u00e9 v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 vady a r\u016fzn\u00e9 defekty.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips187','l\u00e1tky s rakovinotvorn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips188','Cholesterol je l\u00e1tka tukov\u00e9 povahy, kter\u00e1 je pro na\u0161e t\u011blo na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b nepostradateln\u00e1 \u2013 tvo\u0159\u00ed se z n\u011bj nap\u0159\u00edklad hormony a vitamin D apod. V nadm\u011brn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee usazovat ve st\u011bn\u00e1ch c\u00e9v a ucp\u00e1vat je. Vyskytuje se ve v\u0161ech \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch, ale nevyskytuje se v rostlin\u00e1ch. \u010c\u00e1st cholesterolu si t\u011blo samo vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1st se do t\u011bla dost\u00e1v\u00e1 konzumac\u00ed \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch potravin. Vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem cholesterolu v potrav\u011b zvy\u0161uje riziko vzniku onemocn\u011bn\u00ed srdce a c\u00e9v.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips188','Cholesterol je l\u00e1tka tukov\u00e9 povahy, kter\u00e1 je pro na\u0161e t\u011blo na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b nepostradateln\u00e1 \u2013 tvo\u0159\u00ed se z n\u011bj nap\u0159\u00edklad hormony a vitamin D apod. V nadm\u011brn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee usazovat ve st\u011bn\u00e1ch c\u00e9v a ucp\u00e1vat je. Vyskytuje se ve v\u0161ech \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch, ale nevyskytuje se v rostlin\u00e1ch. \u010c\u00e1st cholesterolu si t\u011blo samo vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1st se do t\u011bla dost\u00e1v\u00e1 konzumac\u00ed \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch potravin. Vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem cholesterolu v potrav\u011b zvy\u0161uje riziko vzniku onemocn\u011bn\u00ed srdce a c\u00e9v.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips194','Kulin\u00e1rn\u00ed vlastnosti = vlastnosti p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b pokrm\u016f, p\u0159i va\u0159en\u00ed.'); <\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O kontaminuj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se do potravin dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed ne\u00famysln\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, balen\u00ed, p\u0159eprav\u011b a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo tak\u00e9 p\u0159i pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch katastrof\u00e1ch a jejich vlivu na zdrav\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka.<br \/>\nV potravin\u00e1ch se krom\u011b l\u00e1tek pro zdrav\u00ed prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch mohou objevovat tak\u00e9 l\u00e1tky toxick\u00e9, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edtomnost m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit zdrav\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z&nbsp;nich se do potravin dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed ne\u00famysln\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, balen\u00ed, p\u0159eprav\u011b a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed. Naz\u00fdv\u00e1me je l\u00e1tky zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed (kontaminanty).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toxicke-latky-v-potravinach"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=583"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1653,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/583\/revisions\/1653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}