{"id":590,"date":"2015-04-15T11:01:06","date_gmt":"2015-04-15T09:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/2015\/04\/15\/oblibene-diety-pod-drobnohledem-1\/"},"modified":"2025-02-07T15:11:33","modified_gmt":"2025-02-07T14:11:33","slug":"oblibene-diety-pod-drobnohledem-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/oblibene-diety-pod-drobnohledem-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Obl\u00edben\u00e9 diety pod drobnohledem 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

O sou\u010dasn\u00fdch popul\u00e1rn\u00edch diet\u00e1ch, jak\u00e1 rizika pro zdrav\u00ed mohou p\u0159edstavovat a pro\u010d maj\u00ed pouze kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd \u010di nulov\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek. Dozv\u00edte se tak\u00e9, pro\u010d \u201ezaru\u010den\u00e9 diety\u201c a dietn\u00ed v\u00fdrobky nefunguj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e1 d\u00edvka \u010di \u017eena vyzkou\u0161\u00ed za \u017eivot alespo\u0148 jednu „zaru\u010denou dietu“, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti nebo mno\u017estv\u00ed tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b. Mnoho \u017een v\u0161ak zkou\u0161\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 „diety“ po cel\u00fd \u017eivot a po\u0161kozuje si tak zdrav\u00ed, ani\u017e by si to uv\u011bdomovalo. Pod\u00edvejme se na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed diety a jejich nedostatky.<\/p>\n

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Co je FAD dieta?<\/strong><\/p>\n

„FAD“ diety jsou takzvan\u00e9 „m\u00f3dn\u00ed diety“ („fad“ znamen\u00e1 v angli\u010dtin\u011b „m\u00f3dn\u00ed v\u00fdst\u0159elek“), zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 rychl\u00e9 hubnut\u00ed. Vyzna\u010duj\u00ed se kr\u00e1tkodobou v\u00fdraznou popularitou a velkou jednostrannost\u00ed \u2013 jsou bu\u010f zalo\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na jedn\u00e9 potravin\u011b s \u00fadajn\u011b revolu\u010dn\u00edmi \u00fa\u010dinky na hubnut\u00ed \u010di zdrav\u00ed, nebo na p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9m odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 potraviny, ozna\u010den\u00e9 za \u0161kodlivou. Mezi tyto diety pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad zn\u00e1m\u00e1 „tuko\u017eroutsk\u00e1 pol\u00e9vkov\u00e1 dieta“, zeln\u00e1 \u010di grapefruitov\u00e1 dieta apod. Velk\u00fdm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm t\u011bchto diet je jejich extr\u00e9mn\u00ed nevyv\u00e1\u017eenost, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159i del\u0161\u00edm dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e9st k v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm zdravotn\u00edm pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edm.<\/p>\n

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Atkinsova dieta<\/strong><\/p>\n

„Atkinsova dieta“ je jednou z nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch reduk\u010dn\u00edch diet v historii. Poprv\u00e9 se objevila v roce 1972, kdy ji ve sv\u00e9 knize „V\u00fd\u017eivov\u00e1 (\u010di dietn\u00ed) revoluce Dr. Atkinse“ popisuje Robert Atkins, druh\u00e1 vlna popularity p\u0159i\u0161la po roce 2002 s vyd\u00e1n\u00edm knihy „Nov\u00e1 revolu\u010dn\u00ed dieta Dr. Atkinse“.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladem diety je p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 omezen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu sacharid\u016f<\/span>, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tzv. „\u010dist\u00fdch“ sacharid\u016f<\/span> jako jsou cukry, \u010dist\u00fd \u0161krob a vym\u00edlan\u00e9 obiloviny (b\u00edl\u00e9 pe\u010divo, b\u00edl\u00e1 mouka, loupan\u00e1 r\u00fd\u017ee\u2026), ale omezuje se i mno\u017estv\u00ed celozrnn\u00fdch obilovin, brambor, lu\u0161t\u011bnin. sacharidy<\/span> se p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b v podob\u011b povolen\u00fdch druh\u016f ovoce a zeleniny, ve velmi mal\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed se jed\u00ed celozrnn\u00e9 obiloviny, lu\u0161t\u011bniny, semena a o\u0159echy. J\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek je naopak bohat\u00fd na b\u00edlkoviny a tuky \u2013 maso a masn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, ml\u00e9ko a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, vejce, ryby, oleje.<\/p>\n

Podle Atkinse m\u00e1 b\u00fdt hlavn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem diety v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fddej energie na tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, tuto teorii se ale poda\u0159ilo v\u011bdc\u016fm vyvr\u00e1tit. Hlavn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek diety spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed chuti k j\u00eddlu kv\u016fli men\u0161\u00ed pestrosti a men\u0161\u00edm mo\u017enostem kombinac\u00ed potravin, tuky a b\u00edlkoviny se tak\u00e9 d\u00e9le tr\u00e1v\u00ed a na del\u0161\u00ed dobu zasyt\u00ed. N\u00edzk\u00e1 pestrost je ale tak\u00e9 \u010dast\u00fd d\u016fvod, pro\u010d lid\u00e9 dietn\u00ed zm\u011bnu nevydr\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 jsou rizika Atkinsovy diety?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Atkinsova dieta je zalo\u017eena na omezen\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011bru potravin, nezaji\u0161\u0165uje dostatek v\u0161ech \u017eivin, b\u00fdv\u00e1 chud\u00e1 na v\u00e1pn\u00edk, drasl\u00edk, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk, zinek, vitam\u00edny skupiny B, n\u011bkdy na vl\u00e1kninu. Naopak obsahuje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho sod\u00edku, fosf\u00e1t\u016f, nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f<\/span> a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin. Nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 b\u00edlkoviny nedok\u00e1\u017ee t\u011blo vyu\u017e\u00edt a mus\u00ed je odbourat, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e pro ledviny a j\u00e1tra. Nadbytek \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin p\u0159edstavuje tak\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko karcinomu tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko osteopor\u00f3zy<\/span> (odv\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00ed kost\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed rychl\u00fd \u00fabytek hmotnosti je nav\u00edc zp\u016fsoben v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1tou vody, nikoli tuku. V\u011bdci zat\u00edm nemaj\u00ed jasno, zda m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed Atkinsovy diety p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv na zdrav\u00ed, ale panuje shoda, \u017ee dlouhodob\u011b je tato dieta nevhodn\u00e1. Po del\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b tak\u00e9 tato dieta dosahuje podobn\u00fdch reduk\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f jako jin\u00e9 dietn\u00ed re\u017eimy. Atkinsova dieta nav\u00edc \u010dlov\u011bka nenau\u010d\u00ed rozpoznat a odstranit chyby v p\u016fvodn\u00edm j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed diety se tak vrac\u00ed k p\u016fvodn\u00edm \u0161patn\u00fdm n\u00e1vyk\u016fm a jeho hmotnost a mno\u017estv\u00ed tuku op\u011bt roste.<\/p>\n

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Paleodieta<\/strong><\/p>\n

Paleodieta nebo tak\u00e9 Paleolitick\u00e1 dieta je zp\u016fsob stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd se m\u00e1 bl\u00ed\u017eit strav\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka ve star\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9. J\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek obsahuje maso, ovoce, o\u0159echy a semena, zeleninu a plan\u011b rostouc\u00ed rostliny. Mezi „nevhodn\u00e9“ potraviny se \u0159ad\u00ed ty, kter\u00e9 se do j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku \u010dlov\u011bka m\u011bly \u00fadajn\u011b dostat a\u017e s neolitickou zem\u011bd\u011blskou revoluc\u00ed \u2013 obiloviny, lu\u0161t\u011bniny, ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, oleje, cukr, s\u016fl, alkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje, k\u00e1va. P\u0159\u00edsnost pravidel m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00e1, obvykle v\u0161ak lid\u00e9 konzumuj\u00edc\u00ed „paleolitickou“ stravu pouze vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed „nevhodn\u00e9“ potraviny a z povolen\u00fdch skupin konzumuj\u00ed v\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 potraviny a v\u00fdrobky z nich (nap\u0159\u00edklad i druhy masa nebo ovoce, kter\u00e9 ve star\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9 nebyly \u010dlov\u011bku dostupn\u00e9).<\/p>\n

D\u016fvodem pro dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed diety je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee b\u011bhem paleolitu (cca 2,5 milionu \u2013 10 000 let p\u0159. n. l.) se tr\u00e1ven\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka p\u0159izp\u016fsobilo t\u00e9to strav\u011b a za posledn\u00edch deset tis\u00edc let se \u010dlov\u011bk nesta\u010dil geneticky p\u0159izp\u016fsobit tr\u00e1ven\u00ed nov\u00fdch potravin. Konzumace „nevhodn\u00fdch“ potravin je pokl\u00e1d\u00e1na zast\u00e1nci paleodiety za p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu tzv. civiliza\u010dn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Proti t\u011bmto n\u00e1zor\u016fm v\u0161ak mluv\u00ed cel\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f. Z archeologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee v paleolitu lid\u00e9 konzumovali obiloviny a lu\u0161t\u011bniny, t\u0159eba\u017ee je c\u00edlen\u011b nep\u011bstovali. Z v\u00fdzkum\u016f tradi\u010dn\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch domorod\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk je schopen p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se tr\u00e1ven\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra potravin za udr\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edho stavu. Dlouhodob\u00e9 stravov\u00e1n\u00ed podle „paleolitick\u00e9“ diety v\u011bdci nedoporu\u010duj\u00ed z podobn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f jako u Atkinsovy diety. J\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek obsahuje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin a nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f<\/span>, sod\u00edku a fosforu, naopak m\u00e1 n\u00edzk\u00fd pod\u00edl nenasycen\u00fdch mastn\u00fdch kyselin<\/span>, v\u00e1pn\u00edku, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku (semena a o\u0159echy se obvykle konzumuj\u00ed v nedostate\u010dn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed), zinku, vitamin\u016f B. Tak\u00e9 vliv na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nadv\u00e1hy je pouze kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd, p\u0159i del\u0161\u00edm stravov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi dietn\u00edmi re\u017eimy hor\u0161\u00ed, zdravotn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos diety se poda\u0159ilo prok\u00e1zat jen v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m horizontu, nav\u00edc \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky \u010dlov\u011bka ve star\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9 jsou zna\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 od sou\u010dasn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

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O dal\u0161\u00edch diet\u00e1ch a tak\u00e9 o tom, pro\u010d propagovan\u00e9 z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 diety ani dietn\u00ed dopl\u0148ky nemohou p\u0159in\u00e9st slibovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, se do\u010dtete zde<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Astrup A., Larson T., Harper A.: Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss? The Lancet, 2004, 364: 897-899.<\/span><\/em>
Dansinger M.L. et al.: Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction. A Randomized Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2005, 293: 43-53.<\/span><\/em>
Foster, G.D. et al.: A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003, 348, p. 2082-2090.<\/span><\/em>
J\u00f6nsson, T., Granfeldt, Y., Ahr\u00e9n, B., et al.: Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetology, 2009, 8: 35.<\/span><\/em>
Turner, B.L., Thompson, A.L.: Beyond the Paleolithic prescription: incorporating diversity and flexibility in the study of human diet evolution. Nutritional Revue, 2013 Aug; 71(8): 501-510.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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