{"id":621,"date":"2011-12-06T22:08:25","date_gmt":"2011-12-06T21:08:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/2011\/12\/06\/173\/"},"modified":"2024-11-07T13:57:15","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T12:57:15","slug":"173","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/173\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e1pn\u00edk \u2013 nezbytn\u00fd prvek v d\u011btstv\u00ed a dosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

O tom, jakou funkci m\u00e1 v\u00e1pn\u00edk v na\u0161em t\u011ble, kolik ho pot\u0159ebujeme a kter\u00e9 potraviny jsou jeho ide\u00e1ln\u00edm zdrojem.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"emental<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e1pn\u00edk je toti\u017e jeden z biogenn\u00edch<\/span> prvk\u016f – neobejde se bez n\u011bj \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u017eivo\u010dich lidi nevyj\u00edmaje. V lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble je nezbytn\u00fd jako sou\u010d\u00e1st kost\u00ed a zub\u016f, pro p\u0159enos nervov\u00e9ho vzruchu ve svalech (v\u010detn\u011b srde\u010dn\u00edho svalu), pro sr\u00e1\u017elivost krve, propustnost bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch membr\u00e1n a \u010dinnost enzym\u016f<\/span>. Dosp\u011bl\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk m\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m t\u011ble pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 1000 g v\u00e1pn\u00edku.<\/p>\n

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Vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00e1pn\u00edku v t\u011ble \u0159\u00edd\u00ed hormony<\/span> \u0161t\u00edtn\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy a p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edtn\u00fdch t\u011bl\u00edsek a tak\u00e9 aktivn\u00ed forma vitaminu D. Vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve st\u0159ev\u011b, vylu\u010duje se stolic\u00ed (hlavn\u011b nevst\u0159eban\u00fd v\u00e1pn\u00edk) a mo\u010d\u00ed (ledviny udr\u017euj\u00ed st\u00e1lou hladinu v\u00e1pn\u00edku v krvi, p\u0159ebytek vylou\u010d\u00ed do mo\u010di).<\/p>\n

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P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a p\u0159\u00edznaky nedostatku v\u00e1pn\u00edku<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nedostatek v\u00e1pn\u00edku m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt mnoho p\u0159\u00ed\u010din. Krom\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edjmu samotn\u00e9ho v\u00e1pn\u00edku v potrav\u011b je to i nedostate\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku a vitaminu D, poruchy metabolizmu v\u00e1pn\u00edku (nemoci \u0161t\u00edtn\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy a p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edtn\u00fdch t\u011bl\u00edsek), porucha vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1pn\u00edku nebo vitaminu D (nemoci st\u0159ev, jater nebo ledvin), zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty v\u00e1pn\u00edku (nemoci ledvin) a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edmi projevy nedostatku v\u00e1pn\u00edku jsou: svalov\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de, poruchy srde\u010dn\u00edho rytmu (arytmie), porucha stavby kost\u00ed (v d\u011btstv\u00ed k\u0159ivice<\/span> nebo v dosp\u011blosti osteopor\u00f3za<\/span> \u010di osteomalacie<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Naopak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e1 hladina v\u00e1pn\u00edku v krvi (hyperkalc\u00e9mie<\/span>) se vyskytuje vz\u00e1cn\u011b.<\/p>\n

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Kolik v\u00e1pn\u00edku pot\u0159ebujeme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pot\u0159eba v\u00e1pn\u00edku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na v\u011bku \u2013 v d\u011btstv\u00ed a dosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je ho pot\u0159eba mnohem v\u00edce, proto\u017ee se teprve vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kostn\u00ed hmota (asi do 25 let). Pozd\u011bji v dosp\u011blosti, kdy u\u017e se mno\u017estv\u00ed kostn\u00ed hmoty<\/span> jen udr\u017euje, pot\u0159eba v\u00e1pn\u00edku kles\u00e1 (asi na 800-1000 mg\/den). Maminky v dob\u011b t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed a kojen\u00ed a \u017eeny po menopauze<\/span> pak maj\u00ed pot\u0159ebu v\u00e1pn\u00edku znovu zv\u00fd\u0161enou (1500 mg\/den).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Doporu\u010den\u00e9 denn\u00ed d\u00e1vky v\u00e1pn\u00edku<\/td>\n4-7 let<\/td>\n7-10 let<\/td>\n10-13 let<\/td>\n13-15 let<\/td>\n15-19 let<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v\u00e1pn\u00edk mg\/den<\/td>\n700<\/td>\n900<\/td>\n1100<\/td>\n1200<\/td>\n1200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Jak\u00e9 potraviny m\u00e1me j\u00edst, abychom m\u011bli v\u00e1pn\u00edku dostatek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem v\u00e1pn\u00edku jsou pro n\u00e1s ml\u00e9ko a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, hlavn\u011b s\u00fdry a tvaroh<\/strong>. Av\u0161ak pozor na taven\u00e9 s\u00fdry! – maj\u00ed sice tak\u00e9 hodn\u011b v\u00e1pn\u00edku, kv\u016fli obsahu tavic\u00edch sol\u00ed ho z nich v\u0161ak vst\u0159eb\u00e1me jen minimum. <\/em>V\u00e1pn\u00edk je tak\u00e9 bohat\u011b obsa\u017een v zel\u00ed, kapust\u011b, r\u016f\u017ei\u010dkov\u00e9 kapust\u011b, kv\u011bt\u00e1ku<\/strong> a brokolici – z t\u011bchto druh\u016f zeleniny se velmi dob\u0159e dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do t\u011bla, dokonce l\u00e9pe ne\u017e z ml\u00e9ka. Hodn\u011b v\u00e1pn\u00edku n\u00e1m poskytnou tak\u00e9 konzervovan\u00e9 a marinovan\u00e9 ryby konzumovan\u00e9 s kostmi<\/strong> (pr\u00e1v\u011b v kostech je v\u00e1pn\u00edk obsa\u017een). Dal\u0161\u00edmi zdroji jsou o\u0159echy, semena a lu\u0161t\u011bniny, nicm\u00e9n\u011b z t\u011bchto potravin, i kdy\u017e maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd obsah v\u00e1pn\u00edku, nap\u0159. m\u00e1k, jej nedok\u00e1\u017ee na\u0161e t\u011blo vst\u0159ebat tak dob\u0159e jako z v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch. A za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 miner\u00e1ln\u00ed vody s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm obsahem v\u00e1pn\u00edku.<\/p>\n

Pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00e1pn\u00edku pot\u0159ebujeme i dal\u0161\u00ed miner\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tky (hlavn\u011b ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk) a vitamin D. Vitamin D je nezbytn\u00fd p\u0159i ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1pn\u00edku do kostn\u00ed hmoty<\/span>, proto jak p\u0159i nedostatku v\u00e1pn\u00edku, tak p\u0159i nedostatku vitaminu D v d\u011btstv\u00ed a dosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout k\u0159ivice<\/span>. Dostatek vitaminu D si zajist\u00edme p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u00edm, \u017ee se nebudeme \u00fapln\u011b vyh\u00fdbat slun\u00ed\u010dku a budeme j\u00edst potraviny s dostate\u010dn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm vitaminu D (ml\u00e9ko, ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, \u017eloutek, j\u00e1tra, ryby). Ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk z\u00edsk\u00e1me \u010dasto ze stejn\u00fdch potravin jako v\u00e1pn\u00edk (o\u0159echy, ml\u00e9ko a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, lu\u0161t\u011bniny, obilniny), poskytnou n\u00e1m ho ale i maso a mo\u0159sk\u00e9 ryby.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 potraviny naopak zhor\u0161uj\u00ed vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1pn\u00edku nebo zvy\u0161uj\u00ed jeho ztr\u00e1ty. Schopnost vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00e1pn\u00edk z potravy zhor\u0161uje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vl\u00e1kniny<\/span>, kyseliny v potravin\u00e1ch (kys. fosfore\u010dn\u00e1 \u2013 nap\u0159. v cole, kys. \u0161\u0165avelov\u00e1 \u2013 nap\u0159. v nezral\u00e9m ovoci a n\u011bkter\u00e9 zelenin\u011b). \u010cast\u00e9 pit\u00ed n\u00e1poj\u016f typu Cola a tak\u00e9 k\u00e1vy p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k \u00fabytku kostn\u00ed hmoty<\/span> a osteopor\u00f3ze<\/span>. Ke \u0161kodliv\u00fdm n\u00e1vyk\u016fm, kter\u00e9 zvy\u0161uj\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed osteopor\u00f3zy<\/span>, pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 kou\u0159en\u00ed a nedostatek pohybu.<\/p>\n

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Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Fialov\u00e1, L., Vejra\u017eka, M.: Metabolismus v\u00e1pn\u00edku a fosforu<\/a>, 1. l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 fakulta UK, \u00dastav l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 biochemie. <\/em><\/span>
Illkov\u00e1, O., Ne\u010dasov\u00e1, L., Va\u0161\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 Z.: Zdrav\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva mal\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, 1. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, Port\u00e1l, 2005, 192s.<\/em><\/span>
Keller, U., Meier, R., Bertolli, S.: Klinick\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva, 1. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, Praha, Scientia medica, 1993, 240s.<\/em><\/span>
Nevoral, J.: V\u00fd\u017eiva v d\u011btsk\u00e9m v\u011bku, 1. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, Nakl. H+H, 2003, 435s.<\/em><\/span>
Doporu\u010den\u00e9 denn\u00ed d\u00e1vky<\/a>, port\u00e1l V\u00fd\u017eiva d\u011bt\u00ed <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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