{"id":654,"date":"2010-10-06T10:53:01","date_gmt":"2010-10-06T08:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/2010\/10\/06\/144\/"},"modified":"2024-11-07T13:57:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T12:57:14","slug":"144","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/144\/","title":{"rendered":"Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed z potravin zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u010dervy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #003399\">O onemocn\u011bn\u00edch z potravin, kter\u00e1 jsou vyvolan\u00e1 \u010dervy, a o tom, jak se proti nim m\u016f\u017eeme chr\u00e1nit. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"float: left\" src=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens-files\/stories\/pohyb\/tasemnice.jpg\" alt=\"tasemnice\" width=\"94\" height=\"77\" \/><\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">Parazit\u00e9 jsou organismy, kter\u00e9 cel\u00fd sv\u016fj \u017eivot nebo jeho \u010d\u00e1st cizopas\u00ed v\u00a0t\u011ble jin\u00e9ho<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333\"> organismu (hostitele nebo mezihostitele), kter\u00fdch mohou za sv\u016fj \u017eivot vyst\u0159\u00eddat i n\u011bkolik. V\u00a0t\u011ble hostitele najdou parazit\u00e9 potravu pot\u0159ebnou ke sv\u00e9mu r\u016fstu a mno\u017een\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd biologick\u00fd druh m\u00e1 sv\u00e9ho parazita<strong>, <\/strong>lidi nevyj\u00edmaje. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 tasemnicemi (teni\u00e1zy)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tasemnice pat\u0159\u00ed do kmene plo\u0161t\u011bnci, co\u017e jsou \u010dervi s\u00a0ploch\u00fdm t\u011blem slo\u017een\u00fdm z hlavi\u010dky a velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu odd\u011bliteln\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd obsahuje vaj\u00ed\u010dka a kompletn\u00ed rozmno\u017eovac\u00ed \u00fastroj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tasemnice pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed p\u0159ed napaden\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje prod\u011blat v t\u011ble jin\u00e9ho \u017eivo\u010dicha, nap\u0159\u00edklad v kr\u00e1v\u011b nebo praseti (mezihostitel). Do nich se dostanou ve form\u011b vaj\u00ed\u010dek z kontaminovan\u00e9 p\u016fdy, vody \u010di potravy. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se z\u00a0vaj\u00ed\u010dek vyvinou larvy, kter\u00e9 se usad\u00ed ve svalech, opouzd\u0159\u00ed se a vzniknou tzv. boubele (cysty). Ve svalech hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tasemnice i\u00a0po jejich por\u00e1\u017ece.<\/p>\n<p>\u010clov\u011bk se v\u011bt\u0161inou nakaz\u00ed konzumac\u00ed syrov\u00e9ho nebo \u0161patn\u011b tepeln\u011b upraven\u00e9ho hov\u011bz\u00edho \u010di vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho masa obsahuj\u00edc\u00edho boubele tasemnic (boubele nesn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed vysok\u00e9 teploty). Po konzumaci naka\u017een\u00e9ho masa se boubel zbav\u00ed obalu a mlad\u00e1 tasemnice se d\u00edky p\u0159\u00edsavk\u00e1m \u010di h\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm na hlavi\u010dce zachyt\u00ed ve st\u011bn\u011b tenk\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, kde se \u017eiv\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00edm obsahem a roste do d\u00e9lky. Na pobyt ve st\u0159ev\u011b jsou tasemnice vybaveny, proti \u00fa\u010dink\u016fm tr\u00e1vic\u00edch \u0161\u0165\u00e1v je chr\u00e1n\u00ed obal. P\u0159itom dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed cel\u00fdm povrchem sv\u00e9ho t\u011bla vst\u0159eb\u00e1vat \u017eiviny z\u00a0okoln\u00ed tr\u00e1veniny. Zral\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky postupn\u011b odch\u00e1zej\u00ed se stolic\u00ed, kontaminuj\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody a p\u0159i hnojen\u00ed odpadn\u00edmi vodami n\u00e1sledn\u011b kontaminuj\u00ed i p\u016fdu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke kolob\u011bhu tasemnic v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba<\/strong> (obdob\u00ed mezi vstupem n\u00e1kazy do organismu a vypuknut\u00edm nemoci) se pohybuje v t\u00fddnech, u tasemnice bezbrann\u00e9 a dlouho\u010dlenn\u00e9 8\u201314 t\u00fddn\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Projevy napaden\u00ed tasemnic\u00ed nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt viditeln\u00e9 ihned. Jedin\u00fdm zjevn\u00fdm projevem tasemnice \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze p\u0159\u00edtomnost odlou\u010den\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f ve stolici a v okol\u00ed \u0159itn\u00edho otvoru.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1sadou prevence n\u00e1kazy<\/strong> tasemnic\u00ed je dostate\u010dn\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 \u00faprava masa. Tuto z\u00e1sadu je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 dodr\u017eovat v krajin\u00e1ch Afriky a Ji\u017en\u00ed a St\u0159edn\u00ed Ameriky, kde b\u00fdv\u00e1 tasemnice zcela b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 n\u00e1kaza. Ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdskytu tasemnic v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice p\u0159isp\u011bla plo\u0161n\u00e1 veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed kontrola p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed masa. D\u00edky tomu se u n\u00e1s onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyskytuje jen ojedin\u011ble.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tasemnice bezbrann\u00e1 <\/strong>(<em>Taenia saginata<\/em>, hov\u011bz\u00ed) dor\u016fst\u00e1 d\u00e9lky 4 a\u017e 9 metr\u016f a na hlavi\u010dku navazuje a\u017e tis\u00edc jednotliv\u00fdch odd\u011bliteln\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pohybliv\u00e9, a proto mohou zp\u016fsobit i ucp\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159eva \u010di \u017elu\u010dov\u00fdch cest. Zdrojem n\u00e1kazy \u010dlov\u011bka je hov\u011bz\u00ed dobytek, z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka se n\u00e1kaza nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se projevuje zejm\u00e9na b\u0159i\u0161n\u00edmi obt\u00ed\u017eemi (bolesti v\u00a0nadb\u0159i\u0161ku, pr\u016fjem nebo z\u00e1cpa, n\u00e1padn\u00e9 hubnut\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tasemnice dlouho\u010dlenn\u00e1 <\/strong>(<em>Taenia solium<\/em>, vep\u0159ov\u00e1, prase\u010d\u00ed) dor\u016fst\u00e1 d\u00e9lky asi 2 a\u017e 3 metry, hlavi\u010dka je vybavena h\u00e1\u010dky a \u010dl\u00e1nky, na rozd\u00edl od tasemnice bezbrann\u00e9 nejsou pohybliv\u00e9. Zdrojem n\u00e1kazy \u010dlov\u011bka je vep\u0159, p\u0159enos z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00fd. Napaden\u00ed organismu se projevuje dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby: <strong>st\u0159evn\u00ed forma <\/strong>vznik\u00e1 po po\u017eit\u00ed boubel\u00ed a neb\u00fdv\u00e1 nijak z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1. Naproti tomu poz\u0159en\u00edm vaj\u00ed\u010dek doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tvorb\u011b boubel\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch, (pl\u00edce, srdce, podko\u017e\u00ed, svaly, mozek\u2026.), proto se druh\u00fd typ projev\u016f naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <strong>tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1 forma. <\/strong> Z\u00e1va\u017enost projev\u016f pak z\u00e1vis\u00ed na lokalizaci boubele \u2013 bolesti sval\u016f, celkov\u00e1 slabost, hore\u010dka, k\u0159e\u010de, poruchy zraku, psychick\u00e9 poruchy, epilepsie. Boubel um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 v mozku m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit i \u00famrt\u00ed..<\/p>\n<p><strong>Teni\u00e1zy se l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed <\/strong>speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi l\u00e9ky naz\u00fdvan\u00fdmi antihelmintika. Prepar\u00e1ty obvykle usmrt\u00ed tasemnici, poru\u0161\u00ed jej\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 mechanismy a vystav\u00ed ji p\u016fsoben\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00edch \u0161\u0165\u00e1v. Postupn\u011b dojde k rozlo\u017een\u00ed parazita nebo jeho vylou\u010den\u00ed ze st\u0159eva. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161nost l\u00e9\u010dby je vhodn\u00e9 zkontrolovat mikrobiologick\u00fdm vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00edm stolice v odstupu n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 svalovci (trichinel\u00f3za)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens-files\/stories\/pohyb\/svalovec%20v%20sunce.jpg\" alt=\"svalovec v sunce\" width=\"182\" height=\"130\" \/><span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips111'>svalovec sto\u010den\u00fd<\/span><\/strong> (<em>Trichinella spiralis<\/em>) pat\u0159\u00ed spolu se \u0161krkavkou a roupem do kmene hl\u00edstic.\u00a0 Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 larvami t\u011bchto \u010derv\u016f se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <strong>trichinel\u00f3za. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V minulosti byl pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za p\u016fvodce onemocn\u011bn\u00ed pouze jeden druh \u2013 <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips111'>svalovec sto\u010den\u00fd<\/span>. Dnes je ji\u017e pops\u00e1no celkem 7 druh\u016f svalovc\u016f. Je zn\u00e1mo v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 vn\u00edmav\u00fdch druh\u016f zv\u00ed\u0159at, u kter\u00fdch byla zji\u0161t\u011bna p\u0159\u00edtomnost svalovc\u016f (trichinel).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm hostitelem svalovce jsou prasata. \u010clov\u011bk se v\u011bt\u0161inou nakaz\u00ed konzumac\u00ed syrov\u00e9ho nebo \u0161patn\u011b tepeln\u011b upraven\u00e9ho masa, v na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nej\u010dast\u011bji vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho \u010di z divo\u010d\u00e1ka, kter\u00e9 obsahuje larvy svalovce. Larvy se dostanou do tenk\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, kde asi 3 dny po po\u017eit\u00ed dozraj\u00ed v dosp\u011bl\u00e9 jedince. Dosp\u011bl\u00e9 sami\u010dky se pak zavrt\u00e1vaj\u00ed do sliznice st\u0159eva, kde kladou larvi\u010dky, kter\u00e9 putuj\u00ed krevn\u00edm ob\u011bhem do sval\u016f (nap\u0159. hrudn\u00ed svaly, jazyk, hrtan, br\u00e1ni\u010dn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159e). Ve svalech se b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed t\u00fddn\u016f larva sto\u010d\u00ed, opouzd\u0159\u00ed a po 6\u201318 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch pouzdro zv\u00e1penat\u00ed. V tomto stadiu jsou larvy schopn\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat i v\u00edce jak 20 let. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n<p>Trichinel\u00f3za je velmi bolestiv\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a projev\u00ed se, a\u017e kdy\u017e larvy za\u010dnou cestovat po t\u011ble a opouzd\u0159ovat se. Zpravidla za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nespecifick\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edznaky (bolesti sval\u016f, hlavy, otok v\u00ed\u010dek, nechutenstv\u00ed, \u00fanava, hore\u010dka), postupn\u011b se p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 komplikace, bolesti o\u010d\u00ed, d\u00fdchac\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee a\u017e bezv\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>K l\u00e9\u010db\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed antihelmintika, kter\u00e1 jsou aplikov\u00e1na spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0glukokortikosteroidy.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak se m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ed t\u011bmito onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi chr\u00e1nit?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam maj\u00ed preventivn\u00ed hygienick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vep\u0159ov\u00e9, hov\u011bz\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed druhy masa konzumovat pouze dob\u0159e tepeln\u011b upraven\u00e9, k rizikov\u00fdm potravin\u00e1m pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad syrov\u00e9 hov\u011bz\u00ed maso (tatarsk\u00fd biftek),<\/li>\n<li>pokud si ji\u017e nem\u016f\u017eeme tatarsk\u00fd biftek odpustit, doporu\u010duje se na\u0161kraban\u00e9 maso pro jeho p\u0159\u00edpravu zmrazit (alespo\u0148 na 24 hodin p\u0159i -20 \u00b0C),<\/li>\n<li>dodr\u017eovat obecn\u00e9 z\u00e1sady osobn\u00ed hygieny,<\/li>\n<li>konzumovat pouze maso z veterin\u00e1rn\u011b kontrolovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, pozor na neprov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 maso,<\/li>\n<li>nepou\u017e\u00edvat odpadn\u00ed vody a fek\u00e1lie ke hnojen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span><em><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura:<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><em>Provazn\u00edk, K., Manu\u00e1l prevence v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi, souborn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, SZ\u00da Praha, 1998, s. 468-469.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span><em>Teni\u00e1za, Informa\u010dn\u00ed centrum bezpe\u010dnosti potravin \u00daZPI Praha<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips111','Rizikov\u00e9 je hlavn\u011b maso z divo\u010d\u00e1ka. Nemoc se projevuje velk\u00fdmi bolestmi ve svalech, m\u016f\u017ee skon\u010dit i \u00famrt\u00edm hostitele.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips277','Parazit (cizopasn\u00edk) je organizmus, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jin\u00e9 organismy (hostitele) jako zdroj sv\u00e9 potravy i jako st\u00e1l\u00e9 nebo do\u010dasn\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a sv\u00e9mu hostiteli tak p\u0159\u00edmo nebo nep\u0159\u00edmo \u0161kod\u00ed.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips327','EPA = eikosapentaenov\u00e1 kyselina'); <\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O onemocn\u011bn\u00edch z potravin, kter\u00e1 jsou vyvolan\u00e1 \u010dervy, a o tom, jak se proti nim m\u016f\u017eeme chr\u00e1nit.<br \/>\nParazit\u00e9 jsou organismy, kter\u00e9 cel\u00fd sv\u016fj \u017eivot nebo jeho \u010d\u00e1st cizopas\u00ed v\u00a0t\u011ble jin\u00e9ho organismu (hostitele nebo mezihostitele), kter\u00fdch mohou za sv\u016fj \u017eivot vyst\u0159\u00eddat i n\u011bkolik. V\u00a0t\u011ble hostitele najdou parazit\u00e9 potravu pot\u0159ebnou ke sv\u00e9mu r\u016fstu a mno\u017een\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd biologick\u00fd druh m\u00e1 sv\u00e9ho parazita, lidi nevyj\u00edmaje. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":461,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pn-parazitarni"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":933,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions\/933"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/461"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}