{"id":662,"date":"2010-10-04T20:08:07","date_gmt":"2010-10-04T18:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/2010\/10\/04\/131\/"},"modified":"2024-11-07T13:57:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T12:57:14","slug":"131","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/131\/","title":{"rendered":"Podv\u00fd\u017eiva a jej\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed rizika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #003399\">O tom, jak vznik\u00e1 podv\u00fd\u017eiva, jak\u00e9 jsou jej\u00ed hlavn\u00ed typy a n\u00e1sledky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"float: left\" src=\"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens-files\/stories\/nemoci\/podvyziva2.jpg\" alt=\"podvyziva2\" width=\"54\" height=\"184\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Podv\u00fd\u017eiva se anglicky \u0159ekne <em>malnutrition<\/em>, co\u017e doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201e\u0161patn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva\u201c. Je to chorobn\u00fd stav zp\u016fsoben\u00fd nedostatkem \u017eivin. N\u011bkdy se jako malnutrice ozna\u010duje tak\u00e9 nadbyte\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva (nadv\u00e1ha a obezita), kter\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 nadbytkem \u017eivin ve strav\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Malnutrice ve smyslu podv\u00fd\u017eivy <strong>vznik\u00e1 nedostate\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjmem jedn\u00e9 nebo v\u00edce \u017eivin<\/strong>. Je to jeden z nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, se kter\u00fdm se pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed rozvojov\u00e9 zem\u011b a ohro\u017euje nejv\u00edce d\u011bti. Ve vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00edch se vyskytuje nej\u010dast\u011bji u hospitalizovan\u00fdch pacient\u016f, u star\u0161\u00edch osob, osob dlouhodob\u011b nemocn\u00fdch nebo dlouhodob\u011b vynech\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch ze stravy n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 potraviny a t\u00edm i \u017eiviny (extr\u00e9mn\u00ed typy diet apod.).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny podv\u00fd\u017eivy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou podv\u00fd\u017eivy je v\u017edy nedostatek \u017eivin v t\u011ble. Ten v\u0161ak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt zp\u016fsoben v\u00fdhradn\u011b nedostatkem potravy jako takov\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 \u0161patn\u00fdm v\u00fdb\u011brem potravin a sestaven\u00edm j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku nebo jako n\u00e1sledek r\u016fzn\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u016fjmov\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zhor\u0161uj\u00ed vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin ze st\u0159eva,\u00a0 jatern\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed omezuj\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u017eivin v organismu apod. V\u00fdsledkem je v\u017edy nedostatek jednoho nebo v\u00edce v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00fdch faktor\u016f v na\u0161em t\u011ble, kter\u00fd se postupem \u010dasu m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159em\u011bnit v z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd zdravotn\u00ed probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Typy podv\u00fd\u017eivy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed typy podv\u00fd\u017eivy, kter\u00e9 jsou zp\u016fsobeny nedostatkem energie \u010di b\u00edlkovin ve strav\u011b nebo oboj\u00edho. Kwashiorkor [vyslov kva\u0161iorkor] je zp\u016fsoben dlouhodob\u00fdm nedostatkem b\u00edlkovin ve strav\u011b a sou\u010dasn\u011b dostate\u010dn\u00fdm pokryt\u00edm energetick\u00fdch pot\u0159eb. Marasmus vznik\u00e1 nedostate\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjmem v\u0161ech \u017eivin ve strav\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Marasmus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Podv\u00fd\u017eiva tohoto typu je d\u016fsledek prost\u00e9ho hladov\u011bn\u00ed. Jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt chudoba, odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed potravy (ment\u00e1ln\u00ed anorexie a jin\u00e9 psychick\u00e9 poruchy), poruchy tr\u00e1vic\u00edho \u00fastroj\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed. Marasmus je zjevn\u00fd na prvn\u00ed pohled &#8211; vyhublost, k\u016f\u017ee vis\u00ed ve voln\u00fdch z\u00e1hybech na t\u011ble, svaly jsou atrofovan\u00e9 (zakrn\u011bl\u00e9, zmen\u0161en\u00e9). U d\u011bt\u00ed je hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edznakem opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed r\u016fstu. V na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch je typick\u00fdm marastick\u00fdm pacientem vyz\u00e1bl\u00fd dlouhodob\u011b nemocn\u00fd star\u0161\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kwashiorkor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fd typ podv\u00fd\u017eivy je zp\u016fsoben nedostatkem b\u00edlkovin ve strav\u011b. Strava se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 hlavn\u011b ze sacharidov\u00fdch potravin, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edvod energie &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad brambory, kuku\u0159ice, r\u00fd\u017ee, cukrov\u00e1 t\u0159tina apod. Ne v\u017edy je kwashiorkor zp\u016fsoben nedostupnost\u00ed nebo omezenou konzumac\u00ed <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips62'>b\u00edlkovinn\u00fdch potravin<\/span>. Podobn\u00fd stav m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout u nemocn\u00fdch s\u00a0mnoha\u010detn\u00fdmi zran\u011bn\u00edmi, otravou krve, po rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch chirurgick\u00fdch v\u00fdkonech, pop\u00e1lenin\u00e1ch apod. V\u00a0t\u011bchto z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch akutn\u00edch stavech nen\u00ed t\u011blo schopno \u010derpat energii ze <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips235'>sacharid\u016f<\/span> \u010di tuk\u016f a bere si ji z\u00a0t\u011blesn\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin. T\u011blo tak m\u016f\u017ee odbourat a\u017e 300 g svalov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b denn\u011b. Nemocn\u00fd nen\u00ed vyhubl\u00fd jako p\u0159i marastick\u00e9m typu podv\u00fd\u017eivy, nebo\u0165 jeho tukov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby jsou zachov\u00e1ny a vzbuzuje dojem dob\u0159e \u017eiven\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka i kdy\u017e je v\u00e1\u017en\u011b ohro\u017een na \u017eivot\u011b. Hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edznakem jsou otoky, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomny po cel\u00e9m t\u011ble.\u00a0V\u00a0rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch je kwashiorkor \u010dast\u00e1 forma d\u011btsk\u00e9 malnutrice. D\u011bti m\u00edvaj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed r\u016fstu ne\u017e p\u0159i marasmu, vlasy jsou \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9, l\u00e1mav\u00e9 a jakoby bez barvy, stejn\u011b tak k\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdv\u00e1 depigmentovan\u00e1. Typick\u00e9 je vypoukl\u00e9 (otekl\u00e9) b\u0159\u00ed\u0161ko. V\u00a0z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0ment\u00e1ln\u00ed retardaci, kter\u00e1 je nevratn\u00e1. <span class='tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips117'>imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m<\/span> je oslaben a d\u011bti \u010dasto um\u00edraj\u00ed na p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed nemoci.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Marasmick\u00fd kvashiorkor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Marasmus a kwashiokor jsou dva extr\u00e9mn\u00ed typy podv\u00fd\u017eivy, mezi nimi\u017e existuje cel\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la p\u0159echodn\u00fdch forem. Jsou zp\u016fsobeny kombinac\u00ed nedostatku energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, b\u00edlkovin, vitamin\u016f, miner\u00e1ln\u00edch l\u00e1tek apod. Tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f podv\u00fd\u017eivy.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<br \/><em><span><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura:<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span>Kleinwachterov\u00e1 H, Br\u00e1zdov\u00e1 Z. V\u00fd\u017eivov\u00fd stav \u010dlov\u011bka a zp\u016fsoby jeho zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed. IDPVZ, Brno 2001.<\/span><\/em><br \/><em><span>Klener P. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. Gal\u00e9n, Praha 1999.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips62','B\u00edlkovinn\u00e9 potraviny jsou ty, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed b\u00edlkovin. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vejce, maso, ryby, lu\u0161t\u011bniny, ml\u00e9ko a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips117','Imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zaji\u0161\u0165uje obranu t\u011bla proti nemocem. Zahrnuje v\u0161echny obrann\u00e9 reakce proti vir\u016fm, bakteri\u00edm, cizorod\u00fdm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m apod. Imunita znamen\u00e1 obranyschopnost.'); <\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips235','Sacharidy\u00a0 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zdroj energie pro na\u0161e du\u0161evn\u00ed i fyzick\u00e9 aktivity. Jsou obsa\u017eeny nap\u0159\u00edklad v brambor\u00e1ch, r\u00fd\u017ei, t\u011bstovin\u00e1ch, pe\u010divu, ale tak\u00e9 ve sladk\u00fdch pokrmech, n\u00e1poj\u00edch apod.'); <\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O tom, jak vznik\u00e1 podv\u00fd\u017eiva, jak\u00e9 jsou jej\u00ed hlavn\u00ed typy a n\u00e1sledky.<\/p>\n<p>Podv\u00fd\u017eiva se anglicky \u0159ekne malnutrition, co\u017e doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201e\u0161patn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva\u201c. Je to chorobn\u00fd stav zp\u016fsoben\u00fd nedostatkem \u017eivin. N\u011bkdy se jako malnutrice ozna\u010duje tak\u00e9 nadbyte\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva (nadv\u00e1ha a obezita), kter\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 nadbytkem \u017eivin ve strav\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":374,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-662","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-podvyiva"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=662"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":925,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662\/revisions\/925"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/374"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=662"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=662"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/viscojis.cz\/teens\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=662"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}